拉萨2025届高三毕业班第二次质量检测英语试题

1、Jane is nice but she has a ______ to talk too much.

A.trend B.tendency C.tension D.threat

2、To be honest, she had a great ______ for the small town where she grew up.

A. effect B. effort

C. affection D. patience

3、Our blood depends on us moving around to be able to _______ properly.

A.bleed B.bond C.crash D.circulate

4、Is this university ______you visit last time?

A.that one B.which C.the one D.the one what

5、I have spared no efforts to remember the words, but all my work was______.

A.in response B.in decline C.in return D.in vain

6、________ comes first to the class room can get a free ticket for the lecture.

A．Anyone

B．The one

C．Whoever

D．Who

7、________ that the small village ________ him. He knows almost everything about it.

A．There is no doubt; is familiar with

B．There is no doubt; is familiar to

C．It is no doubt; is familiar with

D．It is no doubt; is familiar to

8、I’m sorry to say your performance didn’t get to the requirements, ________ you cannot be accepted by our company.

A．in a word

B．on the other hand

C．in general

D．in other words

9、His success was a pride to everyone in the family and they presented him with a gift to_______the occasion.

A.mark B.sign C.congratulate D.honor

10、_______the thick clouds, you would find the kite in the sky easily.

A. Had it not been for

B. If it were not

C. If it had not been for

D. Were it not for

11、It is a custom _______ hundreds of years.

A.dating back B.dates from C.dated back D.dating from

12、How many members have __________ registered in the club?

A. officially B. official

C. office D. officer

13、South Korea is bringing in more foreigners to solve its labor problem—a(n)   shortage of blue collar workers.

A.regular B.acute C.flexible D.casual

14、His plan was ____, and the _____won him many _______glances.

A.approved,approve,approving

B.approving,approver, approved

C.approved,approval, approving

D.approving,approve,approved

15、The girl _________ out alone at night.

A.dare not go B.dare not to go C.dares not go D.not dare go

16、Picasso was famous for his work in Cubism, which often uses acute angles and ________ the world is represented as being constructed of cubes and rectangles.

A. that B. which

C. where D. why

17、—Tom________Mary two years ago.

—You mean they have ________ for two years.

A.got married with；been married to B.got married to；been married

C.was married to；got married D.was married with；been married

18、If we a table earlier, we couldn’t be standing here in a queue.

A. have booked B. booked C. book   D. had booked

19、Which of the following sentences is WRONG?

A.There was a time when I hated going to school.

B.It is the first time that the girl has seen such an animal.

C.It is high time that we took some measures to deal with it.

D.Every time when we stopped,everybody would stare at us.

20、--Mary failed the driving test again.

-- Really? Can you_______ for that this time.

A．explain

B．account

C．describe

D．introduce

21、He went out of the room with few clothes on, only rather cold.

A．to feel

B．feel

C．feeling

D．felt

22、John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of _______are family members.

A.who B.which C.whom D.what

23、But a change, no matter how ________ it is needed, doesn't just happen.

A. desperately B. frequently

C. universally D. violently

24、__________ the bad weather , the delivery was put off.

A.As a result B.As a consequence of C.In consequence D.Owe to

25、He was _____ his daughter, because she came back too late.

A.annoyed B.satisfied with C.the same with D.different from

26、   Taking good notes is a time-saving skill that will help you to become a better student in several ways. 【1】Second, your notes are excellent materials to refer to when you are studying for a test. Third, note-taking offers variety to your study time and helps you to hold your interest.

You will want to take notes during classroom discussions and while reading a textbook or doing research for a report. 【2】 Whenever or however you take notes, keep in mind that note-taking is a selective process. 【3】The following methods may work best for you.

●Read the text quickly to find the main facts and ideas in it.

●Carefully read the text and watch for words that can show main points and supporting facts.

●Write your notes in your own words.

●【4】

●Note any questions or ideas you may have about what was said or written.

As you take notes, you may want to use your own shorthand(速记). When you do, be sure that you understand your symbols and that you use them all the time. 【5】

A.Otherwise, you may not be able to read your notes later.

B.You will also want to develop your own method for taking notes.

C.First, the simple act of writing something down makes it easier for you to understand and remember it.

D.Use words, not complete sentences.

E.There are three practical note-taking methods.

F.That means you must first decide what is important enough to include in your notes.

G.You must write your notes on separate paper.

27、   Engineers have put a huge garbage collector to gather plastic material in the Pacific Ocean between California and Hawaii, the world's largest spread of garbage, twice the size of the state of Texas.

The Ocean Cleanup organization created the collector. The group's founder, Boyan Slat, an inventor born in 1994, was just 16 when he was moved to clean up the oceans when he was on a dive and saw more plastic bags than fish

Last Saturday, a ship pulling the pipe-shaped floating barrier left San Francisco. Attached to it is a screening skirt that hangs three meters down in the water. The screen is designed to collect the plastic as it moves through the water. Sea animals can safely swim under the barrier

The cleanup system also comes with lights powered by the sun, cameras, and other special devices, so the system can communicate its position at all times. That way a support ship can find it every few months to remove the plastic that has been collected.

Shipping containers will hold all the plastic gathered , including bottles and fishing equipment and are expected to be back on land within a year. Then the plastic will be recycled. The free-floating barriers are made to survive extreme weather conditions and damage from continual use. They will stay in the water for twenty years , thus collecting 90% ofthe garbage in the area.

The Ocean Cleanup has received $ 35 million in donations to pay for the project, hoping to put 60 free-floating barriers in the Pacific Ocean by 2020. "It's important to turn off the taps on plastic entering the ocean, but I also think people can do more than one thing at a time to deal with this problem," Slat said.

【1】What drove Slat to invent the collector?

A. The interest in invention

B. His failure to dive due to rubbish.

C. The sight oftoo many plastic bags

D. His knowledge ofgarbage in the Pacific Ocean

【2】How does the floating barrier work?

A. It reaches into the water to collect the plastic

B. It has large containers to produce power

C. 'It forms barriers to protect sea animals

D. A ship drags it along in the ocean.

【3】Which does the underlined word "it" in paragraph 4 refer to?

A. The support ship.

B. The floating barrier

C. The plastic to be recycled.

D. The position of special devices.

【4】What is important for protecting the ocean according to Slat?

A. Sending more collectors into the ocean

B. Inventing more ocean cleanup devices

C. Stopping plastic from entering the ocean

D. Banning the use ofplastic bags in boats

28、Being organized is an important skill for school and life. When you’re well organized, you can stay focused, instead of spending time hunting things down．

【1】For schoolwork, it means having one notebook or place where you store all your assignment, so you know what you have to do and when. Keeping all your school work neat and in a specific place--these are the main parts of organization.

For home stuff, being organized means having a place to put your things and putting them back as you go.【2】It means keeping your schoolbag, your shoes, and your clean underwear in the same places so you always know where to find them.

Planning is part of being organized, too. 【3】Calendars, lists, and schedules can help you plan. You can buy or draw a calendar and keep it near your workplace. Making a schedule or “to-do” list for yourself is a good idea. Looking at your list helps you keep track of what you need to do. 【4】Check off things when you’ve done them. Use your list to help you decide which thing is the most important to work on first.

【5】But once you’re organized, it feels great. The less time you spend hunting around for things or panicking about homework, the more time you have for better things, like reading a good book or playing.

A．Planning means deciding what you will do and when you will do it.

B．First, you should get your schoolwork organized.

C．Add new things as you get assignments.

D．You will benefit a lot from a good habit.

E．What does it mean to be organized?

F．It takes some extra efforts to organize yourself and your stuff.

G．It means hanging your coat up instead of dropping it on the floor or throwing it on a chair.

29、   With around 100 students scheduled to be in that 9 am Monday morning lecture, it is no surprise that almost 20 people actually make it to the class and only 10 of them are still awake after the first 15 minutes; it is not even a surprise that most of them are still in their pyjamas (睡衣). Obviously, students are terrible at adjusting their sleep cycles to their daily schedule.

All human beings possess a body clock. Along with other alerting (警报) systems, this governs the sleep/wake cycle and is therefore one of the main processes which govern sleep behaviour. Typically, the preferred sleep/wake cycle is delayed in adolescents, which leads to many students not feeling sleepy until much later in the evenings. This typical sleep pattern is usually referred to as the “night owl” schedule of sleep.

This is opposed to the “early bird” schedule, and is a kind of disorder where the individual tends to stay up much past midnight. Such a person has great difficulty in waking up in the mornings. Research suggests that night owls feel most alert and function best in the evenings and at night. Research findings have shown that about 20 percent of people can be classified as “night owls” and only 10 percent can be classified as “early birds”—the other 70 percent are in the middle. Although this is clearly not true for all students, for the ones who are true night owls this gives them an excellent excuse for missing their lectures which unfortunately fall before midday.

【1】What does the author stress in Paragraph 1?

A.Many students are absent from class.

B.Students are very tired on Monday mornings.

C.Students do not adjust their sleep patterns well.

D.Students are not well prepared for class on Mondays.

【2】Which of the following is TRUE according to Paragraph 2?

A.Most students prefer to get up late in the morning.

B.Students don’t sleep well because of alerting systems.

C.One’s body clock governs the sleep/wake cycle independently.

D.Adolescents’ delayed sleep/wake cycle isn’t the preferred pattern.

【3】What does the text mainly talk about?

A.Functions of the body clock. B.The “night owl” phenomenon.

C.Human beings’ sleep behaviour. D.The school schedule of “early birds”.

30、   I was riding the train home from a downtown Chicago courtroom. I was sitting in my seat, in tears. looking out of the window, hoping no one would________.My husband and I had just ended our marriage, and my heart was filled with________I had never felt so helpless and lonely.

________,a hand appeared-the tiny beautiful hand of a woman. She________me a small envelope, then smiled and disappeared before I could even look into her eyes and express my ________.On the outside of the envelope were a rainbow and a sun, drawn________in pen. Inside it were the________words I had ever read:

I know you don’t________me. but I was watching you there________and my heart goes out to you. ________I am only a stranger to you, I feel your pain and I________ . It may not seem that way, but the sun will________again and you will see the rainbow

Love.

Someone who cares

I never saw the woman again. But________, this mysterious ________has remained deep inside my heart. It always tells me that we are never________ . In________to me in my hardship, this woman filled me with a________love. It makes me realize that no matter how sad my life seems there is always ________.And more importantly, her act of________woke me up to the amazing connection between human beings. I know now if I take one minute, one second, to stop and show love and care to others who may be hurting. I can make a(n)________.

【1】A. read B. observe C. notice D. follow

【2】A. sadness B. excitement C. happiness D. sympathy

【3】A. Shyly B. Naturally C. Frequently D. Suddenly

【4】A. threw B. handed C. recommended D. tore

【5】A. thanks B. fear C. love D. support

【6】A. hurriedly B. gently C. slowly D. heavily

【7】A. wisest B. warmest C. clearest D. simplest

【8】A. accept B. treat C. know D. remember

【9】A. sleeping B. waiting C. laughing D. crying

【10】A. Because B. While C. When D. If

【11】A. appreciate B. fail C. care D. admit

【12】A. set B. move C. disappear D. shine

【13】A. once B. still C. ever D. again

【14】A. postwoman B. feeling C. gift D. scene

【15】A. alone B. poor C. quiet D. stupid

【16】A. opening up B. getting over C. living through D. reaching out

【17】A. strange B. great C. crazy D. similar

【18】A. pleasure B. success C. hope D. luck

【19】A. kindness B. courage C. politeness D. patience

【20】A. offer B. decision C. promise D. difference

31、I wasn’t prepared for the way I felt when my 18 year-old son, Dylan, left for Asia during his winter break.

I was ______ the moment he first told my husband Michael and me that he wanted to use some of his ______ to travel around China. We were excited for him to explore the world. We told him that traveling was one of the best ways to spend his money and the ______ would last a lifetime.

On the morning of Dylan’s departure, he put a few more things into his bag. Before he and Michael ______ to the airport, I yelled, " Be safe, and ______ when you arrive in Shanghai.”

That night while he was flying somewhere over the Pacific Ocean, it hit me that Dylan was really on his ______. I woke hourly, each time ______ the clock and counting the hours before he would land the following morning. ______ my decision to let him go alone, I prayed and thought about all the things that could go ______. Then I heard for him. The first text said he’d arrived. The second text said his luggage didn't make it.

Feeling anxious, I madly attempted to ______ his luggage. To search for lost baggage, I persuaded him to go back to the airport and suggested he go to the airline's office. My efforts ______. All the while Dylan was texting me he was all right.

After that, there was no more ______ about lost luggage. I knew that he'd figure it out, and that the life lesson would be ______.

After Several days into the trip, Dylan sent a photo from Hong Kong. “I thought I could never study abroad anywhere but Europe, ______ I could definitely do it here,” his note read.

And I was ______.

【1】

A．thrilled

B．worried

C．eager

D．upset

【2】

A．skills

B．savings

C．relations

D．friends

【3】

A．costs

B．virtues

C．items

D．memories

【4】

A．gave off

B．saw off

C．pulled away

D．ran away

【5】

A．write

B．call

C．text

D．email

【6】

A．behalf

B．feet

C．mind

D．own

【7】

A．mending

B．checking

C．setting

D．winding

【8】

A．Convincing

B．Doubting

C．Admitting

D．Denying

【9】

A．wrong

B．wild

C．smooth

D．bad

【10】

A．bring down

B．turn down

C．settle down

D．track down

【11】

A．failed

B．worked

C．paid

D．lost

【12】

A．presentation

B．talk

C．appearance

D．rumor

【13】

A．awful

B．unbearable

C．deep

D．worthless

【14】

A．or

B．so

C．and

D．but

【15】

A．in despair

B．at a loss

C．at peace

D．in reality

32、   When your child is supposed to be doing homework, are they chatting with their friends on Facebook or playing games? Many studies have shown that multitasking doesn’t_______, _______your child is probably proudly claiming they can do ten things_______! Many people believe that they can_______two or more tasks at the same time, but Dr. Edward Hallowell says this is_______. The reality is that multitasking_______poor job performance.

New hand-held_______such as smartphones, iPads, games and social networking sites make it very easy to multitask and “attention_______” leading to difficulty focusing on the task_______, such as listening in the classroom or doing homework. “__________, the brain actually__________kids for multitasking even though when your child is supposed to doing homework performance on every task gets worse and worse. Kids don't know that they are doing__________because they feel better when they multitask,” says Dr Edward Hallowell.

__________the appearance of hand-held devices and social networking sites, teachers have noticed a difference in__________performance, critical thinking skills and how information is__________. “Multitasking prevents people from gaining a deep understanding of the information they are trying to learn,” says Dr Edward Hallowell. Kids have a difficult time sticking with a” difficult to understand" topic and__________to allow themselves to be distracted(分散的), to tune out and switch__________ to Facebook or using their cell phones__________working harder at understanding a difficult subject or problem. In the long__________, multitasking affects grades. One study showed that kids that use the Internet while in class did__________on tests resulting in lower grades.

【1】A.play B.understand C.use D.work

【2】A.only if B.even though C.so that D.no wonder

【3】A.at once B.right away C.in no time D.at random

【4】A.advocate B.deal C.perform D.prefer

【5】A.impossible B.important C.impatient D.impolite

【6】A.results in B.results from C.exists in D.exists from

【7】A.designs B.discoveries C.equipment D.evidence

【8】A.attract B.draw C.pay D.share

【9】A.at hand B.on time C.on schedule D.at times

【10】A.Uncertainly B.Unfortunately C.Universally D.Undoubtedly

【11】A.remains B.rewards C.regards D.reflects

【12】A.better B.well C.bad D.worse

【13】A.Since B.Before C.When D.While

【14】A.accidental B.accurate C.accessible D.academic

【15】A.produced B.processed C.possessed D.promoted

【16】A.tend B.attend C.intend D.pretend

【17】A.out B.on C.off D.over

【18】A.except for B.rather than C.more than D.apart from

【19】A.run B.walk C.journey D.distance

【20】A.hardly B.successfully C.poorly D.mildly

33、My mum was a consultant psychiatrist at Lancaster Moor hospital. At five, I went with her to the _____________ on a Christmas afternoon. I didn't really want to be: there, knowing I had not yet opened all my _____________ at home. Mum gave me a big box of chocolates and told me to _____________ around the psychogeriatric ward.

Our household was the sort where treats were strictly _____________: only one packet of crisps a week. So being entrusted with a huge box of chocolates was _____________ indeed. I marched proudly around the ward, operating a “one for you, one for me” policy _____________ I went from bed to bed, wondering why no one I talked to _____________.

When you are _____________, so much of life is new and strange that you quickly accept even the strangest things as being _____________ normal. But I remember thinking it was ______________ that so many of these very old women were holding dollies and teddy bears tight.

On the way home, feeling slightly ______________ after all the chocolates, I asked Mum why the old ladies had dolls and why they had talked such nonsense. I can't remember her exact ______________, but I learned that most of them had no family, and received no ______________.

That Christmas taught me not to be afraid of people with ______________ illness. I wasn't even ______________ when my mother put me on the trolley in the corridor outside her office if she was busy in the ward.

【1】

A．hospital

B．school

C．grocery

D．restaurant

【2】

A．books

B．presents

C．suitcases

D．mailboxes

【3】

A．promote

B．taste

C．distribute

D．choose

【4】

A．examined

B．purchased

C．forbidden

D．controlled

【5】

A．exciting

B．upsetting

C．demanding

D．confusing

【6】

A．before

B．after

C．as

D．until

【7】

A．followed suit

B．took office

C．lost heart

D．made sense

【8】

A．alone

B．old

C．free

D．little

【9】

A．barely

B．bitterly

C．perfectly

D．hardly

【10】

A．odd

B．nice

C．right

D．certain

【11】

A．fortunate

B．energetic

C．unconscious

D．uncomfortable

【12】

A．reaction

B．explanation

C．instruction

D．motivation

【13】

A．consultants

B．visitors

C．honour

D．treatment

【14】

A．mental

B．deadly

C．common

D．infectious

【15】

A．satisfied

B．embarrassed

C．bothered

D．relieved

34、Directions: Fill in each blank to make the passage make sense and well connected in writing style. The initial letter of each word has been given. (please write each answer in a COMPLETE word on the answer card.

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

In Congress, July 4, 1776

When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s god entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should d【1】 the causes which impel them to the separation.

We h【2】 these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created e【3】, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable R【4】, that among these are life, L【5】, and the pursuit of Happiness.

That to secure these rights, g 【6】 are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.

That whenever any form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the P 【7】 to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, l【8】 its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such f【9】, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience has shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariable the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their d 【10】, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.

35、根据句意填空

In the USA, the Amish-a Christian group-are famous because they drive 【1】 instead of cars, do not use TVs or refrigerators, and do not have personal telephones. Many people assume the Amish must have 【2】 reasons for their many rules, but this is not true. In truth, whenever a new technology is introduced, the Amish meet and discuss its advantages and disadvantages. They then vote on whether they will accept it. The Amish 【3】 cars because they like having 【4】 communities where everyone lives close together. They have no TVs or refrigerators because their homes do not have electricity-they do not think it is necessary and 【5】 dealing with strangers, such as the people who work at the electric company.

36、阅读短文，根据短文内容及首字母提示，在空白处填入一个适当的单词。

Wearing face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic p【1】 the spread of the deadly virus. But it is also i【2】. For one, we can no longer unlock our phones using facial recognition since a good part of our face is c【3】.

F【4】, tech companies are working to solve the problem. Apple, for example, offered a new way to unlock your iPhone and iPad with its l【5】 software update, iOS13.5, w【6】 was released on May 20.

Even though the update still won’t recognize your masked face, it makes the whole process f【7】. While the old system wouldn’t allow access t【8】 the passcode screen before three failed face scan attempts, iOS13.5 will send you straight to the passcode screen when you swipe up.

It might only s【9】 you a few seconds, but those few seconds “benefit public health by eliminating the temptation for people to r【10】 their masks in order to unlock their device”.

37、Directions: Complete the following passages by using the words in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

Tablets are really useful devices, but their big screens always make them a burden to carry around without a bag. Wouldn’t it be great if there were a phone with the powers of a tablet that could be folded up and fit 【1】 into the hand?

Now something like a tablet-shaped but fold-able phone is about to become 【2】. In February, South Korean electronics company Samsung and China’s Huawei both unveiled fold-able phones Galaxy Fold and Huawei Mate X 【3】. Mobile phone use has entered the “fold-able future”, The Verge noted.

The technology could change our lives in significant ways. These devices, due to their 【4】 screens, give us the larger screens we want. Meanwhile, they still fit easily into the pocket. As USA Today noted, they’re “the 【5】 of a small tablets and smart-phone, all in a single device”.

The technology could 【6】 other devices too. For example, we could make TVs that stick to walls like posters, or fold up easily to hide away in drawers. In crowded modem cities, they will help us to 【7】 available space.

In a keynote address, Samsung’s senior vice president of mobile product marketing, Justin Denison, called the fold-able screen “the 【8】 for the smart-phone of tomorrow.” “It’s a balank canvas for us to do something beautiful together,” he said.

So is there nothing to stand in the way of the fold-able future?

According to tech news website Android authority, the necessary displays were difficult to produce. In 2012, nine out of every to OLED screens produced were 【9】. Today, that 10 percent rate has been improved to between 50 and 90 percent. However, at present these fold-able devices are expensive. For example, the price of Huawei Mate X is 17,500 RMB. That’s a price that may 【10】 the majority of people.

But if the fold-able device isn’t going to change the world overnight, there is no doubt that it is coming.

Patrick Moor-head, an industry analyst told The Verge, “Few are debating if fold-able or roll-able mobile displays are the future of smart-phones; the only question is when and by whom.”

38、假定你是李华，下周你校将举办“垃圾分类”宣讲会。请你写一封邮件，邀请你的英国朋友David参加。内容包括：1.时间及地点；2.活动内容；3.欢迎他分享有关垃圾分类的经验。

注意1. 词数100左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

参考词汇：垃圾分类 garbage sorting；宣讲会 a teach-in

Dear David,

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Best wishes!

Yours,

Li Hua

39、假定你是李华，你市图书馆将举办中国茶文化展览。你校外教Smith先生对此很感兴趣，请用英语给他写一封邮件，邀请他参加该活动。内容包括：

1. 展览时间及地点；

2. 展览内容：中国茶的历史、文化；茶叶、茶具等；

3. 观看茶艺表演、品茶。

注意：1. 词数100左右；

2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

参考词汇：茶具tea set；茶艺the art of tea-making

Dear Mr. Smith,

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours,

Li Hua

40、请阅读下面文字，并按照要求用英语写一篇150词左右的文章。

（写作内容）

短文应包含以下要点：

1. 用约30个单词概括上述信息的主要内容：

2. 有人坚持现金支付。请简述其原因（不少于两点）：

3. 你对数字支付的看法及建议（不少于两点）。

（写作要求）

1. 不必写标题：

2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。

（评分标准）

内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

41、假如你是新华中学高二年15班学生李华，你校学生会文学部（Literature Department)招聘一名编辑，请你根据以下要点用英语给文学部Lucy写一封自荐信。内容包括：

1. 写信目的；2. 个人基本信息；3. 自荐理由（至少三点）。

注意：1. 词数100左右；2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________